Host dispersal shapes the population structure of a tick‐borne bacterial pathogen

Evolution of Pathogen Specialisation in a Host Metapopulation: Joint Effects of Host and Pathogen Dispersal

Metapopulation processes are important determinants of epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics in host-pathogen systems, and are therefore central to explaining observed patterns of disease or genetic diversity. In particular, the spatial scale of interactions between pathogens and their hosts is of primary importance because migration rates of one species can affect both spatial and temporal...

Population Structure Large Shifts in Pathogen Virulence Relate to Host

The Structure of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Upon infection, cellsof higher vertebratesproduce interferons (IFNs),whichactivate variousantiviral programs in the infectedcell andsurroundingcells, thus limiting the spreadof infection.Oneof these antiviral mediators is RNase L, an endoribonuclease that cleaves viral and cellular RNA on demand. RNase L is activated by 2’,5’-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), products of IFN-inducible 2-5A synthet...

the underlying structure of language proficiency and the proficiency level

هدف از انجام این تخقیق بررسی رابطه احتمالی بین سطح مهارت زبان خارجی (foreign language proficiency) و ساختار مهارت زبان خارجی بود. تعداد 314 زبان آموز مونث و مذکر که عمدتا دانشجویان رشته های زبان انگلیسی در سطوح کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد بودند در این تحقیق شرکت کردند. از لحاظ سطح مهارت زبان خارجی شرکت کنندگان بسیار با هم متفاوت بودند، (75 نفر سطح پیشرفته، 113 نفر سطح متوسط، 126 سطح مقدماتی). کلا ...

Chromatin Remodelling During Host-Bacterial Pathogen Interaction